By Debajit Saha; Narasimha Rao Nalamasu
(lbma.org.uk) - The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) commences in June and continues until September, directly influencing India’s agricultural output. The ISM is affected by large-scale oceanic conditions, particularly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The state of the monsoon — whether normal (above or below average) or deficient — determines the kharif crop yield. According to the Economic Survey 2024–25, published in January, agriculture accounts for 16% of GDP and supports 46.1% of the population, largely due to record kharif production.News
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